The End

Hey guys. Today is my last post for this blog. It's been fun exploring Period 5 with all of you. I hope that I have helped you learn something in any way. I also hope that this has been an effective study tool for you as well. So this it. Bye!

5.4 II-III

Hey guys! So today, we'll finish 5.4 by looking into 5.4 II and 5.4 III. So let's dive in.

5.4 II: Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.

    A: Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work

       1) Two examples of these migrants were the manual laborers who looked for jobs readily available, most likely in factories. Another is the specialized professionals. They were already experts in a certain field and continued their work in new places. They would move for a bigger audience or more materials.

    B: The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.

       1) Slavery was still going on, causing thousands of slaves to relocate from their homelands to travel to new places to work.

       2) Chinese and Indian indentured servitude occured when they began migrating. Basically, they signed a contract agreeing to work 5-7 years for someone in the land they wanted to migrate to. After this sentence was over, they were freed and given their own land to start their own farms.

       3) Convict labor occured after the emancipation of the slaves. Convicts were forced to labor in some places, causing them to move around a lot.

5.4 III: The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing populations.

    A: Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

       1) This meant that while their husbands/fathers/brothers were away, women had to take over the roles previously filled by the men. They would work in shops where the men had worked, they would farm, basically, just temporarily filled in where the men had stepped out.

    B: Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks. This meant that people of the same ethnicity often grouped together in different parts of the world. This spread migrant support networks, because these enclaves helped other migrants with many things, including how to assimulate their culture into the new one they were facing.

       1) The Chinese had many ethnic enclaves all over the world. They were in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America.

       2) Like the Chinese, the Indians had ethnic enclaves in places like East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.

    C: Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.

       1) An example of this is the Chinese Exclusion Acts, signed by the US in 1882. It restricted the flow of Chinese immigrants into the US. Any Chinese person wishing to enter the US had to gain certification from the Chinese government that they were able to immigrate. New restrictions were also placed on Chinese migrants already in the US. 

       2) Another example of this is the White Australia Policy. It was instituted by the Australian colonies in 1901. It was an anti-Asian immigration policy that reflected a long-standing and unifying sentiment of the Australian colonies and remained a fundamental government policy into the mid 20th century.

That's all for now. Tomorrow, I'll begin to wrap things up. See you then!

5.4 I

Hey guys! Today, we're going to take down 5.4 I. So, let's dive in!

5.4 I: Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and un industrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.

    A: Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population in both urban and rural areas. 

       1) This means that more food and improved health leads to a population boom. This causes places in urban and rural areas to become crowded with all the people. Some families had to relocate to have a new, better life.

    B: Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permantnently, to their home societies. 

       1) Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific were allowed to come home.

       2) Christian Lebanese merchants in the Americas moved there to make money in trade without dealing with Ottoman restrictions on non-Muslims. They moved to areas of opportunity expecting to prosper and eventually return home.

       3) Italian industrial workers in Argentina could return home to Italy for a period, if not, permanently. 

Tomorrow, we'll finish up 5.4. See you then!

5.4: Global Migration

Hey guys! Today, we move on to the last key concept in Period 5: 5.4. This section really focuses on Global Migration. So, to start off this week, I thought I'd give an introduction to the topic. Tomorrow, we jump into the specifics. Migration in this period is important because migration patterns changed drastically and the number of migrants increased. A lot. These changes were closely connected to the development of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy. In some instances, some people benefited economically from migration, while others were seen as commoditiese to be transported. Migration also produced dramitically different sending and recieving societies, meaning some places loved migrants and others thought of them as worthless dirt. And, migration presented challenges to governments in fostering national identities and regulating the flow of people.

So, that's it for now. Tomorrow, I'll start actually talking about the specifics of migration. See you then!

5.3 III and IV

Welcome back readers! Today, we'll finish 5.3 by discussing 5.3 III and 5.3 IV. Today's topics focus more on the rebellions that happened as a result of all those new ideas and nationalism.

5.3 III: Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.

    A: Subjects challenged centralized imperial governments.

       1) One example of this is the challenge of the Marathas kingdom in the southwest of India to the Mughal sultans. The emperor at the time, Emperor Aurangzeb, his foe was Prince Shivaji, the leader of the Hindu Marathas. Since the Marathas were Hindu, they did not like living under the Muslim Mughal sultans. So, they began to fight to win the right of the recognition of their homeland. Aurangzeb used European gunners to capture many of Shivaji's forts. Shivaji didn't have very many musketeers, so he relied on swift mounts and guerrilla raids. After Shivaji's death, Aurangzeb sent a huge offensive. The Marathas bounced back after a few decades and won the recognition of their homeland. 

       2) Another example of this is the challenge of the Taipings to the Manchus of the Qing dynasty. To the Chinese, social discontent and economic distress were signs that the current dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven (political legitimacy). The Taiping rebellion only further weakened the Qing's government crisis. They had already taken a huge blow from European economic and military assault. However, the leaders of the Taiping rebellion began to fight among themselves and adopt lavish lifestyles. This only weakened the rebellion. Eventually, I was defeated by the Hunan militia in 1864 under the scholar-official Zeng Guofan. The lesson learned by intellectuals and officials was the value of Westernization. This led to the opening of mines and the development of textile industries, railroads, and the telegraph in the 1870s.

    B: American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions-including the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements-that facilitated the emergence of independent states in the US, Haiti, and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy. 

       1) The American Revolution. Basically, the American colonists were mad at the British and began to rebel to become independent. Eventually, they did, becoming the USA. The colonists were mad at the British for a variety of reasons. A huge reason was taxation. Ever heard that phrase, "No taxation without representation!" before? That came from when the colonists thought they were being taxed too much with no say in the matter. Britain was taxing them because they were in a LOT of debt from the Seven Years War with France. Since the war had been about protecting the US colonies, it seemed fit for them to pay it off. Another reason why the US was mad at Britain was Mercantilism. If you remember, Mercantilism is where a colony sends raw materials to its mother country. There, they are processed and sold back to the colony for a price the mother country gets to decide. The colonists didn't like that they had to do this either. So, the fighting began when all the colonies were unanimous, except for New York because the British had it surrounded. The USA officially got its independence on July 4th, 1776 when everyone signed the Declaration of Independence. Then, finally a few years later, the US won its independence and became a separate state.

       2) The French Revolution was inspired in part by the American Revolution. It started when France went bankrupt. This happened because they were in huge debt for helping the Americans and the nobles didn't have to pay taxes. King Louis XVI then called the Esate General, which basically the French version of Parliament. It was made of 3 estates: the 1st had the nobles, the 2nd had the clergy, and the 3rd was everyone else. This meeting helped the problem in no way whatsoever, and King Louis eventually locked the 3rd estate out of the meeting. The 3rd estate left and formed the National Assembly in an indoor tennis court where they took the Tennis Court Oath to form their own separate government for the poor. King Louis sent troops to Bastille. This provoked the rebels and they stormed Bastille prison (Yay Bastille Day!) supposedly to free the prisoners, but they really only wanted to get their hands on guns. The rebels later wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This was all the beginning. Then began the Terror. The Terror happened when everyone in France were fighting. People on the same side fought each other. Things turned bloody. Finally, King Louis and his wife, Marie Antoinette were executed by guillotine by the rebels. Things then turned chaotic. That was when Napoleon took over. When Napoleon finally died, France's monarchs were returned, but their power was severely limited. France became more of a republic.

       3) France controled Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean-modern day Haiti. The slaves here worked on plantations and were badly mistreated. Women even used plant induced abortions to prevent bringing a child into misery. These conditions allowed for many slave uprisings. Many escaped and formed their own communities. The ones who stayed behind were roused by news of the French Revolution. They began an organized slave uprising in 1791. They had success after success. Eventually, an enthusiastic French official was sent to calm them. What he did was the opposite of what anyone espected. He issued a proclamation in 1793 granting the slaves their freedom. Then Napoleon gained power and began to fight against the rebels. However, they persevered and proclaimed the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

       4) The Latin American independence movements took place between the slaves, the Spanish, and Napoleon. The fighting began because of empire discontent among people and rivalries between creoles and Spanish-born officials. It ended when Latin American slaves became independent in different areas. These areas became different idenpendent states: Mexico, Peru, and Brazil.

    C: Slave resistance challenged esisting authorities in the Americas. 

       1) One example of this is the establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean or Brazil. Maroons were slaves who ran away from their plantations and formed their own slave communities in different areas of the Carribean and Brazil. This is an example of resistance because it showed how little they were willing to work on plantations.

       2) North American slaves revoted in more peaceful ways. They weren't freed until the 1800s, so they did little things, like, leaving their tools too blunt or breaking them so their masters would have to get a new one. 

    D: Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.

       1) An example of this is the Boxer Rebellion in Qing China. Defeat in 1895 at the hands of Japan rocked the faith of ordinary people in China's future. So, peasants organized locally into secret societies to restore Chinese integrity. One society was the Society of the Righteous and Harnomious Fists or the Boxers. They believed that ritual boxing would protect them from a variety of evils, including bullets. In 1900, when the Boxers reached the height of their power, troops from Europe, the US, and Japan invaded to crush what the West was calling "the yellow peril". The Chinese were defeated and endured foreign military occupation and had to pay a huge indemnity. The Qing dynasty faced its downfall.

    E: Some of the rebellions were influenced by diverse religious ideas.

       1) An example of this is the Ghost Dance in the US. The Native Americans in the US were being treated horribly. So, one day, a man named Wovoka claimed to be a messiah to the natives to deliver them from their suffering and get rid of their white oppressors. This gave the natives hope that they would one day get better.

5.3 IV: The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stumulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.

    A: Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the debelopment of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism.

       1) Liberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes free trade, individual rights, and the rule of law to protect rights as the best means for promoting social and economic improvement.

       2) Socialism if you'll remember, ties in closely with Communism and has many of the founding ideas. It is a social and political ideology that stresses the need to maintain social harmony through communities based on cooperation rather than competition; in Marxist terms, a classless society of workers who collectively control the production of goods necessary for life.

       3) Communism is the system with the thoughts of Karl Marx and the solidified ideas of Vladimir Lenin. It is a classless, stateless society. Everyone is equal. 

    B: Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.

       1) One example of these demands is Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Women. It opened people's eyes to how women were so badly suppressed and held back in society. It demanded that women have more rights. 

       2) Another example is Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the RIghts of Women and the Female Citizen". It demanded that women be equel to men and encourages women to actually recognize it when they are being demeaned. Sadly, Olympe de Gouges words earned her a trip to the guillotine for being too revolutionary to the French.

       3) A last example is the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848. This was the first ever women's rights meeting in the US. Together, they came up with a list of rights and resolutions for women. 

Next time, we'll look at 5.4. See you then!

5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

Hey guys. So, now we jump into key concept 5.3, which gets a little more interesting. Rebellions and reforms occured to make everything into what it is today. We see the rise of countries and what it means to be a citizen of a country. This is the rise of Nationalism. Nationalism really developes the idea of a country. There are new governments, boarders, and a common culture. People began to feel a deep pride in where they came from. This did have some positive and negative effects. A negative one is that some people felt that they were superior over all others. But, Nationalism had mostly positive effects, like serving one's country and a sense of unity. 

5.3 I: The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often proceded rovolutions and rebellions against existing governments. This basically means that Enlightenment thought made people think "Why do I have to submit to something unfair and that doesn't treat me the way I want?" This often made people mad, so they rebelled against the things they found unfair. 

    A: Enlightenment philosophers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life; they also critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation. Other Enlightenment philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

       1) One of these philosophers was Voltaire. His ideas were that there should be freedom and respect for all. He was against religions that were too strict and didn't respect others. Another one of his ideas was that society should be based on merit, not who your family was.

       2) Another philosopher was Baron de Montesquieu. (Wait, was Baron his first name or did he have a super long last name?) He had a lot of interesting ideas about government. He believed that the government should be broken up into different sections. He also proposed the seperation of power systems. However, each branch should have control over each other. Checks and Balances. Sound familiar?

       3) John Locke is also a famous philosopher. Thomas Jefferson liked using him when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. John Locke believed in a constitutional monarchy, meaning more representation. He also promoted freedom of religion and believed that all humans were given natural rights.

       4) Finally, we have Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This philosopher had many interesting ideas. He believed in freedom of opportunity, meaning that the poor and rich should have the same opportunities as each other. He also thought that the government should listen to the majority of people. Another one of his ideas was about life. People should be able to experience and explore life. Children should express themselves.

    B: The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents-including the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and Bolivar's Jamaica Letter-influenced resistance to existing political authority. 

       1) This means that the Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing authority, especially political. These ideas are reflected in those listed documents. The Declaration of Independance had many ideas of Locke and Montesquieu. 

       2) The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was influenced by Enlightenment principles. It announced the basic rights of each citizen, including the rights to free speech, to own property, and to be safe from arbitrary acts of the state. 

       3) Bolivar's Jamaica Letter was written by Simon Bolivar to an Englishman, most likely the governor of Jamaica. In this letter, he expresses his strong feelings about the Venezualen independence movement. He also taps into the teachings of the Enlightenment thinkers by telling of a new government that they all should operate under. Soon, Bolivar began to implement these ideas.

    C: Enlightenment ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relations, which contributed to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.

       1) Expanded suffrage was an organization across the world as women fought to have the same rights as men in their country. Their goal was no longer to be an outsider to the nation by gaining full insider rights.

       2) The abolition of slavery called for an end for the slave trade and even to an end of slavery. It was led by white religious leaders and blacks who invoked Christian morality and the ideas of natural rights. 

       3) In Russia, the serfs rebelled, plundering estates of nobles and killing them. This rebellion was crushed, but it did lead to the end of serfdom. 

5.3 II: Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. These newly imagined national communties linked this identity with the boarders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.

    A: This is basically just nationalism. For example, this led to German nationalism, or what it means to be German. Being German means that you have this culture that is unique to Germany. This also led to Italian nationalism, or what it means to be Italian. Being Italian means that sometimes, they like to cook a lot of food. (yum, Italian food) This also led to Fillipino nationalism, or what it means to be Fillipino. And, this led to Argentinian nationalism, or what it means to be Argentinian.

That's all for now. I'll see you next time, when we finish 5.3. See you then!

5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

Welcome back! We have finished and left behind 5.1! Today, I thought we'd knock out all of 5.2, since its a very short section. It talks about the growth of overseas colonies and the establishment of new colonies and transoceanic empires. Warfare and diplomacy resulted and were affected by this. The process was led by Europe, but the US and Japan also participated. Not all states were affected equally, which led to heavy European influence. The growth of these new empires challenged the power of the existing land based empires. New ideas about nationalism (pride for one's country), race, gender, class, and culture developed. These ideas facilitated the spread of transoceanic empires and justified anti-imperial resistance and the formation of new national identities.

5.2 I: Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires

    A: States with existing colonies strengtheded their control over those colonies.

       1) One example of this is the British in India. They strengthened their control in a revolution. In the 1800s, the Indian colony began to rebel against the East India Company. This is known as the Indian Uprising of 1857. The motives of this rebellion was two things: the British caused droughts and famines in India through heavy taxes. India lost its superiority. The second reason is that some troops overheard rumors that the British were going to convert all the Hindu Indians to Christianity. This caused them to rebel. Sadly, the British crushed the rebellion and strengthened their control over India. In 1876, they declared Queen Victoria the empress of India.

       2) Another example is the Dutch in Indonesia. They strengthened their control by building railroads and using steamboats and increasingly destructive weaponry to accomplish their ends. They also made deals with local rulers and merchants who could profit from working with imperialists.

    B: European states, as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

       1) The British established an empire in India, taxing them heavily. Later, they built railroads to make commerce revenue collecting more efficient and faster. 

       2) The Dutch established an empire in Indonesia, demanding taxes, building railroads, industrializing, and making deals with the locals.

       3) The French gained control over Cochin China (southern Vietnam). They used favorable treaties backed by the threat of military action to create the Union of Indochina from Cambodia, Tonkin, Annam, and Chochin China. Money making projects like rubber plantations followed.

       4) The Germans fought with other countries over control of Sub-Saharan Africa, to dominate its peoples, land, and resources. Then, German Chancellor Otto von Bismark established German control over Cameroon and a part of East Africa. 

       5) The Russians gained control of Turkmenistan, some provinces of Afghanistan, and also extended into the Ottoman Empire, Persia, northern India, and China. They built the trans-Siberian railroad to integrate Siberia into the expanding Russian empire.

    C: Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa.

       1) The British had to use warfare to get rid of competing countries and used diplomacy to coordinate with locals to finally gain control over West Africa.

       2) The same combination of tactics worked for Belgium as they took over the Congo.

    D: In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies.

       1) The British established settler colonies in southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. 

       2) The French established settler colonies in Algeria.

    E: In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism.

       1) The British and French expanded their own influence into China through the Opium Wars. When the Treaty of Nanjing was formed, China was forced to open its gates to diplomats, allow five ports to open, and reduce tariffs. This allowed their influence to spread.

       2) The British and the United States invested heavily in Latin America.

5.2 II: Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.

    A: The expansion of US and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan. This meant that Westernization caused the entire Meiji Restoration. Meiji means "enlightened rule". This is shown in the government. Imperial rule was less absolute and it was seen as combination of "Western science and Eastern values". 

    B: The United States and Russia emulated European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land boarders and conquering neighboring territories. 

       1) The United States expanded their land boarders westward to make it the country that we know today. Its main reasons for expansion was through the pressures of migration and the demand for raw materials. It expanded through warfare, conquering the Mexican and Indian peoples for their resources and land. The Americans saw this expansion as part of the US's Manifest Destiny-the belief that white Americans had a God-given right control the entire continent, no matter how many Native Americans were killed or displaced. 

       2) Russia expanded to Siberia and other parts of Asia, including the Middle East. This included Turkmenistan, Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan, Persia, northern India, and China. This expanded their empire.

    C: Anti-imperialism resistance took various forms including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.

       1) One example of this is the Cherokee Nation. They resisted against US Manifest Destiny a lot and they had good reason to, because all their land was getting stolen. Sadly, this did not work out for them, and the Cherokee had to embark on a famous journey known as the Trail of Tears, so named because of all the deaths that ocurred on the journey.

       2) The Zulu Kingdom was a kingdom in South Africa that had a powerful kingdom since the early 1800s. They constantly resisted the British by using camoflauge and stealth mode. But, they were defeated in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The British justified their rule there by holding and interrogating their king, Cetshwayo, to prove that he was a "dictatorial savage", so the British had to rule.

       3) People established independent states in the Balkans as a form of resistance.

5.2 III: New racial ideologies, especially social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism.

    A: The Portuguese and Spanish used a mix of Christianity and racism to justify domination. This was based on the accomplishments of the Protestant Americans. Their only superiority was their Catholicism, so they used it to justify domination.

    B: Social Darwinism was a type of new "scientific" theories about race to affirm cultural superiority. These came from the ideas of European scientists and doctors, like Charles Darwin. He claimed that nonwhites, women, and members of the working class were less evolved and were in need of domination. This claim was backed up by false measurements in the 1800s, such as the size of the cranium.

Quick Side Note: Scientific racism wasn't just confined to white people. For example, the Japanese considered themselves far more advanced than natives, such as the Ainu, and foreigners, such as the Koreans.

That's all for today. Be sure to come back soon when we discuss 5.3. See you then!

5.1 V and VI

Hey, guys! Welcome back! We are almost done with 5.1, one more post! Today, we discuss 5.1 V and VI which talks about global capitalism and the responses to it. Capitalism, if you don't know, is an economic system invented in the Industrial Revolution in which the means of production-machines, factories, land, and other forms of wealth-are privately owned. Its an economic system still used today, particularly here in America.

5.1 V: The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.

    A: In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed industrialists' treatment of workers by promoting alternative visions of society, including Marxism.

       1) One alternative vision of society was Marxism. Marxism was formed by German theorist Karl Marx. Karl Marx is widely known for being one of the first authors of Communist writings. Communism is an idea where the community works together, no one is better than anyone, and the state controls the economy. Marx saw the industrial order as unjust and oppressive. He began to analyze the lives of workers, where he wrote his Communist books. He claimed that the fundamental organization of any society came from the relationships in work. This is called materialism. To put it in simpler terms, it means that a society's structure was built on the relationships between classes that were formed from work. 

       2) Another alternative vision of society was called Utopian socialism. This was a goal of British and French thinkers to improve society through cooperation and social planning. This would lead to the perfect society, a utopia. To prove their point, they lived in communes where daily life could be organized as it was in the factory. Large groups of people worked together to complete tasks efficiently. Followers also valued technicians and engineers as future rulers of nations.

       3) Finally, an alternative view of society was Anarchism. Anarchism is a political idea that society should be stateless. They govern themselves. The state is often looked down upon as unnecessary or harmful to society.

    B: In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production, while other members of the Qing and Ottoman governments led reforms in imperial policies.

       1) One example of reforms is the Tanzimat movement in the Ottoman Empire. These reforms were heavily influenced by European ideas to change the empire to a more modern state. It established new institutions that would guarantee the security of life, property, and honor to all subjects, regardless of religion or race. It developed a standardized system of taxation.  There was also the development of a new secular school system, the reorganization of the army, and the introduction of new codes of commercial and criminal law.

       2) Another example of reforms is the Self-Strengthening Movement in the Qing Empire. It was a movement to modernize China's economic and military sectors. It's aim was to strengtthen China by preserving Qing rule and maintaining traditional Confucian values. The movement was mainly concerned military industrialization and modernization. This was modeled on the West.

    C: In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.

       1) One example is the economic reforms of Meiji Japan. When Japan began learning Western industrialization to compete and protect Japan, they reformed a lot. In the 1870s, the reformed government had seen  the laying of thousands of miles of railroads and telegraph lines. By the 20th century, they had 32,000 factories, 5400 steam engines, and 2700 machines run by electricity.

       2) Another example is in Tsarist Russia. There was a development of factories and railroads there.

       3) Finally, Muhammad Ali, ruler of Egypt, developed a cotton textile industry in Egypt. He recognized the need for modern industry and skills. He exempted silk workers from the army and founded engineering schools. Ottoman merchants prospered and hundreds of new jobs opened up for workers who needed money.

    D: In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reforms.

       1) One reform was state pensions and public health in Germany grew.

       2) Another was the expansion of suffrage (women's rights) in Britain.

       3) A final reform was that public education spread to many nation states to obtain more skilled workers and a smarter society as a whole.

5.1 VI: The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.

    A: New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.

       1) The middle class: In 1751, the middle class, or the Bourgeorisie, was formed. Members of this class had no political power individually, but together, they had a giant voice. An example of this is that the Bourgeorisie started the French Revolution. Merchants made up this class as well and industrialization was particularly important. People in the Bourgeorisie generated a lot of wealth, mostly because of the Industrial Revolution.

       2) The industrial working class: This class was known as the Proletariat. They were the wage earning, mass-working class. They did well, okay enough. However, the Proletariat were not tied to the political structure like the Bourgeorisie. 

    B: Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization.

       1) Family dynamics: Families used to be the basic social unit of society, but since industrialization, they were drifting away from this.

       2) Gender roles: In factories, women were especially demeaned. Men dreaded when women were allowed to work in their factories, as it usually meant that owner was saving on wages by cutting some of the men. Women were payed much less than men. Sometimes, in order to work in factories, women had to grant their overseers favors to work. However, most women prefered domestic jobs in the homes of the middle class.

       3) Demographics: The birth rate in some areas of the world decreased from before. This was becasue of child labor. Before, families were huge because they wanted to provide children for labor. But, later, machines began to take over child labor, making all those children less useful. So people stopped having so many children. 

    C: Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions.

       1) Worker's health in cities deteriorated. The lure of work led to rapid urbanization and urban populations strechted to the breaking point. There was not a lot of housing which facilitated the spread of diseases in cramped living spaces. Sanitary facilities were almost nonexistant. They were extremely humid which nurtured diseases. When these workers crowded together, epidemics of deadly cholera could erupt. Deaths from diseases like tuberculosis and pneumonia were increasing by a lot.

Next time, we'll finally move on to a new section: 5.2. See you then!

5.1 III and 5.1 IV

Today, I thought we'd kill two birds with one stone and go over two pretty short sections, 5.1 III and IV. In III, we will discuss new financial institutions. In IV, we see major develpments in transportation and communication. 

5.1 III: To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financers develped and expanded various financial institutions.

    A: The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.

       1) Adam Smith is the more important figure of the two mentioned above. In 1776, he published a book called On the Wealth of Nations that cited China for its prosperity being caused by specialization of labor. He proposed to free the economy from gov't monopolies and regulations. This is called laissez faire.* This became par of a theory called liberalism which endorsed economic and personal freedom guaranteed by the rule of law. Smith also saw trade as being virtuous as it required cooperation in the process of trade. Smith was also concerned with the community as a whole and argued the abolition of slavery.

*A more literal definition is an economic doctrine that advocates freeing economies from gov't intervention and control.

       2) John Stuart Mill was, like Smith an author of economics. He was read by East Asians and South Americans when they began to use the system of the nation-state. This system fostered world trade, of both goods and ideas. The people then began to read Western books, like those of John Stuart Mill's, to learn about economics and world trade.

    B: The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on various financial instruments.

       1) Transnational businesses

          a. The United Fruit Company: This company was based in the US but operated in Central America. They produced, you guessed it, fruit.

          b. HSBC: The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation was founded by British bankers.

       2) Financial instruments

          a. Stock markets: These are sites for buying and selling financial interests, or stock, in businesses. Some examples of this include the London and Hong Kong stock exchanges.

          b. Insurance: This was like the protection of your property. It began to flourish because since people had more money, they had more things that they needed to protect with insurance.

          c. Gold standard: Gold became the universal currency for trade around the world. This made trading easier because now, merchants didn't have to convert money to buy things.

          d. Limited liability corporations: This was a way of making sure that if someone invested in a company, their investment was safe, they didn't lose thousands of dollars. This was because investors were not held responsible for paying off the debt of their company. 

5.1 IV: There were major developments in transportation and communication, including railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals.

    A: Railroads

       1) fastest transcontinental travel

       2) World different

          a. middle and upper class face to face

          b. speed transfer of knowlegde

          c. standardization of time- lives were dictated by railroad times, when a train left, when it arrived.

       3) destroy traditional relationships with nature: Environment damaged by construction of railroads.

    B: Steamships

       1) ships faster, trade quicker

    C: Telegraphs

       1) allow people to communicate with different parts of the world faster than writing a letter to them.

    D: Canals

       1) Panama Canal: At this time, the Panama Canal was just a theory, not a project yet. But, it was a marvelous theory that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

       2) Suez Canal: This canal connected the Red Sea to the Meditteraenean Sea. It had many desirable effects. It connected the Europeans to Indian Ocean trade faster than going around Africa, there was a boom in trade and trade became quicker, and it opened up new areas for other countries.

Next time, we'll finish up 5.1 as the week comes to a close. See you then!

5.1 II

Welcome back, readers! We have made it through both parts of 5.1 I. Now, lets dive right into 5.1 II. Today we will discuss how new patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy.

5.1 II: New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories.

    A: The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing natural resources. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

       1) Natural resources, such as cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, guano (fertilizer) and metals were exported from all around the world to Britain and other European countries where they could produce things like textiles. These could then be sold back to countries for the producer's own prices*.

*Quick side note: This process is called Mercantilism. Mercantilism is also a factor in the American Revolution, as the Americans felt they were being unfairly taxed for things from Britain that Britain created with their natural resources.

    B: THe rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the US contributed to these regions' increase in their share of global manufacturing. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined.

       1) Iron works in India were exported and contributed about 10% of India's gross national product. However, there was a heavy British influence. The East India Company and the gov't became rich off of high taxes and taking more of India's prosperity.

       2) Textile production in India and Egypt were particularly prosperous. It did however make life difficult for some people, particularly artisans. They could not be employed which caused a decline in manufacturing. 

    C: The global ecconomy of the 19th century expanded dramitically from the previous period due to increased exchanges of raw materials and finished goods in most parts of the world. SOme commodities gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the US a distinct ecomonic advantage. 

       1) Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China expanded the global economy because opium was in so high demand in China, that many merchants became rich off of smuggling it in. 

       2) Cotton and palm oil were exported to Britain and other European countries. This in turn expanded Europe's economy because it meant that they could export their product at their own prices.

    D: The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver, and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers.

       1) In Mexico, there were rich ores of copper, resulting in many copper mines

       2) Gold and diamonds were always in popular demand. As a result, many mines formed in South Africa.

Next time, we'll talk about 5.1 III. See you then!

5.1 I (Part 2)

Today, we discuss the rest of 5.1 I. We will see the development of new technologies and labor systems. We will also see the spread of the Industrial Revolution to other countries, not just to Britain. 

5.1 I (Part 2): Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.

    B. The development of machines, like the steam engine and internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit new sources of energy in fossil fuels (coal and oil). These significantly increased energy available to human societies. 

       1) Steam engine: People came out of the home textile business and began to work in factories. This was because it was easier and more efficient. Industrial spies filled these factories and sent the secrets of their technology and organization to businessmen in Belgium, northern France, the US, and other places. The steam engine was first used in gold and silver mining, then textile production, finally in driving trains and steamboats. It was originally invented in China, then it was improved upon in 1765 by James Watt to make it practical, fuel efficient, and powerful. Then in 1814, George Stephenson used it to invent the locomotive. Later, in 1819, the first steam-powered ship crossed the Atlantic.

        2) Fossil fuels: The two fossil fuels, coal and oil, came from the earth and gave the workers stamina, precision, and confidence in their work. They were great sources of energy while the workers ran the machines. 

    C. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of the specialization of labor.

       1) Factories were in cities, so people migrated to cities because they had new tech that was easy to work with. Specialization of labor occured within them. Factories were based on the production of specific goods, which led to further specialization of labor.

    D. As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.

       1) The new methods developed by Europe became more common and spread to the US, Russia, and Japan. They would become competitors with Britain.

       2) The US: After the Civil War, the US began exploiting their natural resources, such as coal, ores, gold, and oil. The value of US industrial goods dramatically increased from $5 billion in 1880 to $13 billion in 1900. US growth relied on innovative individuals like Andrew Carnegie (iron and steel) and John Rockefeller (oil).

       3) Japan: Japan exported pottery, books, clocks, and other things. The samurai were underemployed in this time, so they experimented with things such as electricity. They even invented thermometers, which helped improve silkworm breeding. Their main motive for industrializing was that western ships were seeking trade with them. They did not want this, so they adopted steam engines and other tactics. Japan was also particularly motivated to industrialize to protect Japan in industrial prosperity and military strength. 

       4) Russia: Russia was extremely productive in steel and oil.

    E. The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.

       1) Steel: Steel was used to make more than 10,000 locomotives and transport 2 billion people annually. 

       2) Chemicals: Chemicals could make chemical fertilizers which boosted crop yields.

       3) Electricity: Engineers such as Karl Benz and Armand Peugnot used electricity to make workable gasoline engines which resulted in automobiles. They became more widespread and available in 1880.

Tomorrow, we'll talk about 5.1 II. See you then!

5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

This week, we will go over the Industrial Revolution and its affects on the world. It not only affected how goods were made, it affected the global economy, social relations and culture. This process of industrialization was a gradual process that started in Britain became global throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.

                                                                          

5.1 I. (Part 1): Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced 

    A. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production, including:

       1) Europe's location on the Atlantic Ocean: Europe was and is today in the middle of everything and had connections from all over, to places like the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa. Its location on the Atlantic also gave it the benefit of trading ports. They were also extrememly close to Venice, a major power. Since they had the location and trading ports, they could also get their hands on raw materials and sell them.

       2) Geographical Dristribution of coal, iron, and timber: Usually, nations would use timber as an energy source to make iron since timber makes fire which melds together the two metals required to make iron. This started a small decrease in innovative tech. However, coal was found to be a better energy source because it made it easier to make iron. Coal later became important to steam engines which transported items.

       3) European Demographic Changes: New global connections made by European expansion led to population growth. With this came the pressure of artisanal productivity and natural resources. This all led to industrialized goods because it helped people surpass limits.

       4) Urbanization: People began to surge to the cities for work so factories were build to stimulate even more widespread production. Goods were produced much faster leading to faster production.

       5) Improved Agricultural Productivity: This was a result of the enclosure movement  (a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to 

privately owned land). Small families couldn't afford their land, so they were brought over, which made farms huge. Eventually, this led to some slavery enablement. Slaves produced large amounts of crops in the Americas. Since farms were so big, the needed an easier way to produce crops faster.

       6) Legal Protection of Private Property: Because of the enclosure movement, private landowners began fencing off their property. This caused urbanization where people would work in factories in cities.

       7) An Abundance of Rivers and Canals: They were great for transportation, especially the transportation of raw materials. These were transported to factories, which led to industrial production.

       8) Access to Foreign Resources: This allowed industrializing cities to make innovative goods more preferable and efficient. The raw materials came from colonies owned by the French and British. They then processed them in cheap labor and sold them back to those colonies.

       9) The Accumulation of Capital: The accumulation of money led to warfare over it. This led to industrialization because they produced weapnry t ofight with. Interchangeability of parts was established. This meant that there was the standardization of pars of goods, which made it easier to mass produce. An example of this is Honore Blanc. He was a Frenchman who produced guns with interchangeable parts in 1790.

Tomorrow, we'll discuss the rest of 5.1 I. See you then!

Welcome to my Blog!

Greetings Readers! Welcome to my blog! Consider this blog as a helpful guide of Period 5 (c. 1750 to c. 1900). Over the next month, we will explore key concepts such as the Industrial Revolution, Nationalism, revolutions against governments, and migration. Please feel free to use this blog as a study tool or if you just want to learn. Hope you enjoy it!